At Chattanooga. . At the expiration of the term, Mr. Ross was elected Principal Chief of the nation, and George Lourey Second Chief, each to hold the office four years. With one single test, you can discover your genetic origins and find family you nenver know you had. Elizabeth "Quatie" (Brown) Henley Ross 1791 - 1839. When John Ross 5th Laird of Balnagowan, Chief of Clan was born in 1419, in Ross-shire, Scotland, his father, Hugh Ross 4th of Balnagowan, was 33 and his mother, Janet de Sutherland, was 25. Two nephews have been murdered by the enemy. Ross spent his childhood with his parents in the area of Lookout Mountain. John Ross (October 3, 1790 - August 1, 1866), also known as Guwisguwi (a mythological or rare migratory bird), was Principal Chief of the Cherokee Native American Nation from 1828-1866. "Those who want to, once and for all, put to bed the family lore that you are related to the family from Ross Castle in Kerry Ireland; the original Ross clan chieftain Fearchar Mac-an-T-Saigart of Balnagowan Castle, Scotland; the Antarctic explorers Sir James Clark Ross and Sir John Ross; John Ross, husband of US flag maker, Betsy Ross; or to , 3) Chief John Ross of Cherokee Trail of Tears fame. Hicks was very popular with his people, and was one of the earliest converts under the missionary labors of the Moravians. Youll get hints when we find information about your relatives . The Indians came together, and refused to recognize the treaty; but finally the old Chief Pathkiller signed it. Described as the Moses of his people, Ross led the Nation through tumultuous years of development, relocation to Oklahoma, and the American Civil War. Described as the Moses of his people, Ross led the Nation through tumultuous years of development, relocation to Oklahoma, and the American Civil War. Chief John ross married middleton and had 1 child. DAILY EVENING TkLEGjlATn.-PniLADELrniA, THURSDAY, OBITUARY. The delegation had to negotiate the limits of the ceded land and hope to clarify the Cherokee's right to the remaining land. When Chief John Ross was born on 3 October 1790, in Turkey Town, Cherokee, Alabama, United States, his father, Daniel Tanelli Ross, was 30 and his mother, Mary Mollie McDonald, was 19. The Cherokee had created a system of government with delegated authority capable of dependably formulating a clear, long-range policy to protect national rights. onald Ross, Silas Dinsmore Ross, -george Washington Ross, John Ross, Ross, Ross Jr., Ross John (Chief) Ross, Elizabeth "quatie" Brown Ross (born Henley), James Mcdonald Ross, Jane P. (Jennie) Ross, Silas Dean Ross, George Washington Ross, Annie Brian Dobson (born Ross), John Ross, John Ross, e Ross, Victoria Ross, Susan H. Daniel (born Ross), Rufus O. Ross, Emma Daniel (born Ross), William Wallace Ross, Elizabeth Vann (born Ross), Chief John "guwisguwi" Ross, Elizabeth "quatie" Brown Ross (born Henley), Annie Bryan Ross, Mary Ross, George Ross, Jennie Ross, James Ross, Silas Ross, Victoria Ross, Robert Bruce Sr. Ross, Lucinda Ross, Susan Ross, Rufus Ross, Louisa Ross, Emma Ross, William W. Ross, Annie Ross, Meredith Cott, Source: https://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=24141634, Source: http://person.ancestry.com/tree/75101173/person/36309765129/facts, Ross' Landing, Old Cherokee Nation, Tennessee, United States, Chickamauga, Walker County, Georgia, United States, Old Cherokee Nation, Tennessee, United States, Cherokee Nation, Indian Territory, United States, Cherokee Nation, IT, Tulsa, Tulsa County, OK, United States, John Guwisguwi Ross, Chief of the Cherokee Nation, Tahlequah, Cherokee County, Oklahoma, United States. Chief John Ross 1/8 Cherokee Birth 3 Oct 1790 - Turkeytown, Etowah, Alabama, USA Death 1 Aug 1866 - Washington City, District of Columbia, USA Mother Mary Molly Mcdonald Father Daniel Ross Quick access Family tree New search Chief John Ross 1/8 Cherokee family tree Family tree Explore more family trees Parents Daniel Ross 1760 - 1830 6 Virgina Melvina Littler b: 19 SEP 1836 d: 12 FEB 1908. Chief of Cherokee Nation, John Ross served in this capacity for 38 years, until his death. In January 1824, Ross traveled to Washington to defend the Cherokees' possession of their land. His family moved to the base of Lookout Mountain, an area that became Rossville, Georgia. According to the series of rulings, Georgia could not extend its laws because that was a power in essence reserved to the federal government. He made it contingent on the General Council's accepting the terms. who married John Ross Vann (buried at this cem. McDonalds address calmed the wrath of the Cherokees, and they changed their tone to that of persuasion, offering inducements to remain there and establish a trading-post. At midnight they resumed the flight of terror, crossing Grand River, where they would have been cut off, had the enemy known their condition. The Ross Family DNA Project seeks to use DNA analysis to enable Ross families to determine if they share a common ancestor with other Ross families. Their home was near Lookout Mountain in Chattanooga. He was assuming a larger role among the leadership. He encamped at night wherever he could find a shelter, and reached safely the home of the recently discovered aunt. In anticipation of the war with Great Britain, in 1812, the Government determined to send presents to the Cherokees who had colonized west of the Mississippi, and Col. Meigs, the Indian Agent, employed Riley, the United States Interpreter, to take charge of them. The terrible battle at Horseshoe, February 27th, 1814, which left the bodies of nine hundred Creeks on the field, was followed by a treaty of peace, at Fort Jackson, with the friendly Creeks, securing a large territory to indemnify the United States. English (of Norman origin): habitational name from Rots in Calvados (France) probably named with the ancient Germanic element rod 'clearing' (compare Rhodes ). He was successively elected Clerk of Tahlequah Dist. The delegation of 1816 was directed to resolve the sensitive issues of national boundaries, land ownership, and white intrusions on Cherokee land. It was customary with the tribe to colonize a company pushing out into the wilderness often many miles, and opening a new centre of traffic. Park Hill, the residence of Mr. Ross, was forty miles from the road Solomon took in his retreat, for this was practically the character of the movement. John Ross 1798 1834. He wrote in reply, that he had no troops to spare; and said that the Cherokee Light-Horse companies should do the work. He was able to argue as well as whites, subtle points about legal responsibilities. After arrival in Indian Territory, Ross was a signer of the 1839 Act of Union which re-joined the eastern and western Cherokee, and was elected Principal Chief of the unified tribe. John Ross was born October 3, 1790, at Turkeytown in the Cherokee Nation, the son of a Scots immigrant named Daniel Ross and Mary McDonald, a Cherokee. Ross was born in Turkeytown, Alabama, along the Coosa River, near Lookout Mountain, to Mollie McDonald, of mixed-race Cherokee and Scots ancestry, and Daniel Ross, a Scots immigrant trader. Brother of Jane "Jennie" Coody; Elizabeth Ross; Annie Nave; Judge Andrew 'Tlo-S-Ta-Ma' Ross; Susannah (Susan) Nave and 3 others; Lewis Ross; Margaret Hicks and Maria Mulkey less. Updates? Principal chief of the Cherokee Indians for nearly forty years, John Ross served during one of the most tumultuous periods of the tribe's history. He offered the former an annuity of $6000 for ten years, although they had refused before, the offer of a permanent annuity of the same amount. on 2 Aug 1869 and 7 Aug 1871. In 1812 the National Council was held there. His petitions to President Andrew Jackson, under whom he had fought during the Creek War (181314), went unheeded, and in May 1830 the Indian Removal Act forced the tribes, under military duress, to exchange their traditional lands for unknown western prairie. Originally buried in Delaware, his remains were returned to the Cherokee Nation in June, 1867 and reburied at the Ross Cemetery, Park Hill, Oklahoma. The tears prevailed, and arrayed in calico frock and leggings, and moccasins, with a bound and shout of joy, he left his tent, in his own language, at home again. As the large family were old enough to attend school, Johns father bought land in Georgia, to remove there that he might educate them; but gave up the plan and went to Maryville, in Tennessee, six hundred miles from his residence, and fifteen miles from Knoxville, and employed a Mr. George Barbee Davis to come and instruct his children. John Ross was consulted by Governor Ruter, of Arkansas, but evaded the question of Cherokee action in the conflict; and when Colonel Solomon marched into the Indian country, the Cherokees, who before the battle of Bird Creek formed a secret loyal league, held a meeting at night, took Rebel ammunition stored near, and fought the enemy the next day; relieved from the terror of Rebel rule, they hailed the Federal army with joy, and flocked to the standard of the Union. During the 183839 removal, family members who died were Quatie Ross (Elizabeth Brown Henley), the first wife of Chief John Ross, and his youngest sister, Maria Mulkey. While residing in this romantic region, among the natives, Daniel Ross, originally from Sutherlandshire, Scotland, and left an orphan in Baltimore soon after peace was declared with Great Britain, had accompanied a Mr. Mayberry to Hawkins County, Tennessee, and came down the river in a flat-boat built by himself for trading purposes. 3 Mary Ross b: 13/13 DEC 1706/1707 d: NOV 1771. From 1819 to 1826 Ross served as president of the Cherokee National Council. Consequently a delegation, of which John Ross was a prominent member, was sent to Wash ington to wait on President Madison and adjust the difficulty. Subsequently Chickamauga, and still later Chattanooga, became his place of residence. He was speaker of the Creek Council. To have this privilege, however, he must obtain permission of the General Council of the nation. The State had also two representatives in the delegation, to assert old claims and attain the object. He did not compel President Jackson to take action that would defend the Cherokee from Georgia's laws. the other day on the charge of "shoving" counterfeit money. The Chief still holds his position of authority, and his good name will remain under no permanent eclipse; while all true hearts will long for deliverance to his nation, and that he may live to see the day. For, whatever the natural character of the Indian, his prompt and terrible revenge, it is an undeniable fact, as stated by Bishop Whipple in his late plea for the Sioux, referring to the massacres of 1862, that not an instance of uprising and slaughter has occurred without the provocation of broken treaties, fraudulent traffic, or wanton destruction of property. Ross died on August 1, 1866 in Washington, DC. In a letter dated February 23, 1827, to Colonel Hugh Montgomery, the Cherokee Agent, Ross wrote that with the death of Hicks, he had assumed responsibility for all public business of the nation. We collect and match historical records that Ancestry users have contributed to their family trees to create each persons profile. During the 1838-39 removal, family members who died were Quatie Ross (Elizabeth Brown Henley), the first wife of Chief John Ross, and his youngest sister, Maria Mulkey. His grandfather lavished his partial affection upon him, and at his death left him two colored servants he had owned for several years. about john ross family tree please comment if we missed anything here, please let us know. They had 21 children: Nancy Jane (Jennie) Nave (born Ross), James McDonald Rossand 19 other children. The council reported him a traitor, and his white-bench, or seat of honor, was overthrown. IMPORTANT PRIVACY NOTICE & DISCLAIMER: YOU HAVE A RESPONSIBILITY TO USE CAUTION WHEN DISTRIBUTING PRIVATE INFORMATION. [3] He convinced the U.S. Government to allow the Cherokee to manage the Removal in 1838. Ross found support in Congress from individuals in the National Republican Party, such as Senators Henry Clay, Theodore Frelinghuysen, and Daniel Webster and Representatives Ambrose Spencer and David (Davy) Crockett. He was repeatedly reelected and held this position until his death in 1866. In 1822 they created the Cherokee Supreme Court, capping the creation of a three-branch government. Born of a Scottish father and a mother who was part Cherokee, the blue-eyed, fair-skinned Tsan-Usdi (Little John) grew up as a Native American, although he was educated at Kingston Academy in Tennessee. When Ross and the Cherokee delegation failed in their efforts to protect Cherokee lands through dealings with the executive branch and Congress, Ross took the radical step of defending Cherokee rights through the U.S. courts. The Cherokees were robbed of horses and everything that could be used by the Rebels. In January 1827, Pathkiller, the Cherokee's principal chief, and Charles R. Hicks, Ross's mentor, both died. The grandfather soon after removed to Brainard, the early missionary station of the American Board among the Cherokees, situated on the southern border of Tennessee, only two miles from the Georgia line, upon the bank of Chickamauga Creek, and almost within, the limits of the bloody battle-field of Chickamauga, being only three miles distant from its nearest point, (The name is derived from the Chickasaw word Chucama, which means good, and with the termination of the Cherokee Kah, means Good place.) John Ross was not born in Tennessee. Quatie Ross died in Arkansas on the Trail of Tears as the Cherokee party traveled to Indian Territory. The General sent Captain Call with a company of regulars to the Georgia frontier; the latter passing round Lookout Mountain, a solitary range eighty or ninety miles long, while Ross went directly over it. n his final annual message on October 1865, Ross assessed the Cherokee experience during the Civil War and his performance as chief. We need not repeat the events that followed, briefly narrated in the preceding sketch of the Cherokee nation, till it rises from suffering and banishment to power again west of the Mississippi. The tribe was divided into clans, and each member of them regarded an associate as a kinsman, and felt bound to extend hospitality to him; and thus provision was always made for the gathering to the anniversary. 5 Joshua Littler Sr. b: 10 DEC 1791 d: BEF SEP 1862. Born in the Cherokee Nation East; son of Chief John Ross & Quatie Brown; he served in Co., E, 3rd Indian Home Guards (US, Civil War). Chief John Ross of . Revolutionary War Pension and Bounty Land Warrants, 1859 List of Munsee from Leavenworth County Kansas, 1876-1878 Pacific Coast Business Directory, St. Charles Countys Participation in the World War, Oglethorpe University Publications Online, Maryville High School Yearbooks, 1919-1977, Maryville College, Tennessee, Yearbooks, 1906-2009. Never before had an Indian nation petitioned Congress with grievances. In a series of letters to Ross, Hicks outlined what was known of Cherokee traditions. ), Robert Bruce Sr. (buried at Ross Cem., Park Hill), Louisa (buried at this cem. Colonel Cloud, of the Second Kansas Regiment, while the enemy were within twenty miles, marched forty miles with five hundred men, half of whom were Cherokees, reach ing Park Hill at night. Parents. If so, login to add it. He married Christina Macleod in 1439, in Balnagowan, Queensland, Australia. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Native American Cherokee Chief. After a long and interrupted passage having deer-skins and furs for traffic from Savannah to New York, and then to Baltimore, he returned to find that General Jackson had prepared the celebrated treaty of 1817. Pg 10 & Pg 20 specifically about John Ross, his wives, life, children, his burial, etc, John Ross, First Chief of the Cherokee Nation, Read a transcription of John Ross's letter, https://www.nps.gov/hobe/learn/historyculture/upload/cherokee.pdf, https://archive.org/details/historyofcheroke00lcstar/page/n5, The New England Historical & Genealogical Register, Daughters of the American Revolution Magazine, The Papers of Chief John Ross, vol 1, 1807-1839, Norman OK Gary E. Moulton, ed. His first wife, Elizabeth, was a Cherokee woman, who bore him one daughter and four sons. ss, Jane Jennie Ross, Silas Dinsmore Dean Ross, Susan Henley, Jennie Ross, John Ross, George Washington Ross, Annie Bryan Dobson (born Ro Susan H. Hicks Ross, Rufus O. Ross, Robert Bruce Ross, Emily "emma" Elizabeth Ross, Lousia Ross, William Wallace Ross, Elizabe s, Jane Ross, James Mcdonald Ross, Silas Dinsmore Ross, George Washington Ross, John Ross, Annie Bryan Ross, John Ross, Mary Ross, John Ross, nt Ross, James Mcdonald Ross, Jane Ross, Silas Dinsmore Ross, George Washington Ross, Bryce Calvin, Annie Bryan Ross, John A Ross, Mary Ross. 3) Mary Ross m. William Badgett 4) Hubbard Ross m. Harriett Babs The children of Daniel Hicks and Catherine Gunther Ross were: 1) Ed Gunther Ross 2) William Potter Ross m. Maude Walker 3) Katy Ross m. George Oliver Butler The children of John Anderson and Eliza Wilkerson Ross were: 1) John Houston Ross m. Lillian H. Glasglow 2) Flora Lee Ross m. C. W. Phillips 3) Dan H. Ross m. Bates Burnett 4) Eliza Jane Ross m. W. F. Blakemore I hope this may help some of you out there.I am fortunate enough to live only about 15 minutes away from the John Ross House in Rossville, GA.It has been completely restored and is furnished with several of the original furnishings.As you can guess, the Chattanooga Library has an extensive amount of information on the Ross Family along with the Southern Roots & Shoots publication by the Delta Genealogical Society in Rossville, GA. At Crow Island they found a hundred armed men, who, upon being approached by messengers with peaceful propositions, yielded to the claims of Government and disbanded. The Cherokees concentrated at Turkeytown, between the two forts Armstrong and Strauthers. 64-66 By John Ross" "TO JOHN C. CALHOUN" "Sir City of Washington Feburary 11th 1824" General White commanded in East, and General Jackson in West Tennessee. His moral and religious character is unstained, his personal appearance venerable and attractive, and his name will be imperishable in the annals of our country. The court carefully maintained that the Cherokee were ultimately dependent on the federal government and were not a true nation state, nor fully sovereign. He moved to Tennessee when he was seven years old with his parents Daniel and Mollie McDonald Ross. Ross made several proposals; however, the Cherokee Nation may not have approved any of Ross' plans, nor was there reasonable expectation that Jackson would settle for any agreement short of removal. He married Elizabeth "Quatie" Brown, also Cherokee in 1813. He also was invaluable to other tribes helping the. Despite this support, in April 1829, John H. Eaton, Secretary of War (18291831), informed Ross that President Jackson would support the right of Georgia to extend her laws over the Cherokee Nation. The Creek war commenced among the tribe on account of hostile views, but soon was turned upon the loyal whites and Cherokees. By none in the land was the Presidents proclamation of freedom more fully and promptly indorsed than by Mr. Ross and the Cherokees; indeed, they took the lead in emancipation. This negotiation was conditional upon the confirmation of it at a meeting of the Cherokees to be held at Turkey-town. Soon after, John Ross, then twenty-seven years of age, was called in, when Major Ridge, the speaker of the council, announced, to the modest young mans surprise and confusion, that he was elected President of the National Committee. They were unanimously opposed to cession of land. Andrew Jackson, then Major-General in the regular army, was called upon to execute the condition of the new compact. He was born October 3, 1790 in northern Alabama. Visiting London when a youth of nineteen years, he met a countryman who was coming to America, and catching the spirit of adventure, he joined him, landing in Charleston, S. C., in 1766. Governor McMinn made another appointment for a meeting of the chiefs, and other men of influence, at the Cherokee Agency on Highnassee River. When the war ended he traveled to Washington D.C. to negotiate a post-war treaty. Scarcely had this loyalty been declared, before Solomon marched with recruits and all 2,200 men again out of the territory, without any apparent reason, leaving the Cherokees and the country he was to defend in a more exposed condition than before. He went with him eighty miles, and to within ten miles of Knoxville, exchanging a keel-boat for his crazy craft, and taking an order on the Government for the difference, declaring, even if he lost it, John should not venture farther as he came. Half brother of Annie Brian Dobson; John Ross, Jr. and Susan Coody. They had a strong leader in Ross who understood the complexities of the United States government and could use that knowledge to implement national policy. View Site John Ross (1752 - 1776) - Genealogy - geni family tree The council met in the public square. Chief John Ross from tree Krashel's family Tree 353 People 3 Records 10 Sources Chief John (1/8 Cherokee) (both War of 1812 & Civil War) Ross found in Chief John (1/8 Cherokee) (both War of 1812 & Civil War) Ross from tree Noble Family Tree 22149 People 27 Records 47 Sources Chief John Ross found in + John M. Littler b: 28 MAR 1708 d: From 20 AUG 1748 to 6 DEC 1748. on 6 Aug 1877, 4 Aug 1879, 1 Aug 1881, 6 Aug 1883, 3 Aug 1885, 1 Aug 1887 and 5 Aug 1889. In 1827, Chiefs Hicks and Pathkiller died. Did you like this post? When the dark and wrathful tide of secession set westward, the disloyal officials at once took measures to conciliate or frighten the Indians into an alliance with them. John is 16 degrees from Jennifer Aniston, 18 degrees from Drew Barrymore, 19 degrees from Candice Bergen, 23 degrees from Alexandre Dumas, 15 degrees from Carrie Fisher, 29 degrees from Whitney Houston, 18 degrees from Hayley Mills, 16 degrees from Liza Minnelli, 16 degrees from Lisa Presley, 19 degrees from Kiefer Sutherland, 17 degrees from Bill Veeck and 21 degrees from Brian Nash on our single family tree. History of the Indian Tribes of North America. John Ross was born October 3, 1790, at Turkeytown in the Cherokee Nation, the son of a Scots immigrant named Daniel Ross and Mary McDonald, a Cherokee. These trees can change over time as users edit, remove, or otherwise modify the data in their trees. The lands lay in Tennessee, Alabama, and Georgia. He passed away on 1866. He pressed the Nation's complaints. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. John Ross, Cherokee name Tsan-Usdi, (born October 3, 1790, Turkeytown, Cherokee territory [near present-day Centre, Alabama, U.S.]died August 1, 1866, Washington, D.C., U.S.), Cherokee chief who, after devoting his life to resisting U.S. seizure of his people's lands in Georgia, was forced to assume the painful task of shepherding the Cherokees In his decision, Chief Justice John Marshall never acknowledged that the Cherokee were a sovereign nation. University of Oklahoma Press, 1985, Moulton, Gary E. John Ross, Cherokee Chief. Corrections? Although the constitution was ratified in October 1827, it did not take effect until October 1828, at which point Ross was elected principal chief. Just one grandparent can lead you to many McIntosh, a shrewd Creek chief with a Cherokee wife, who had. The narrative of the entire expedition, the sixty-six days on the rivers; the pursuit by settlers along the banks, who supposed the party to be Indians on some wild adventure; the wrecking of the boat; the land travel of two hundred miles in eight days, often up to the knees in water, with only meat for food; and the arrival home the next April, bringing tidings that the Creeks were having their war-dance on the eve of an outbreak; these details alone would make a volume of romantic interest. His success in business inspired confidence in his employers, who sent him to Fort Loudon, on the frontier of the State, built by the British Government in 1756, to open and superintend trade among the Cherokees. Their daughter, Marie Mollie McDonald (b.1770), married Daniel Ross (b.1760), a Scottish immigrant, and they were the parents of Chief John Ross (1790-1866) of the Cherokee Indian tribe. He was afterward slain by his own people, according to their law declaring that whoever should dispose of lands without the consent of the nation, should die. John Ross (October 3, 1790 - August 1, 1866), also known as Guwisguwi (a mythological or rare migratory bird), was Principal Chief of the Cherokee Native American Nation from 1828-1866. . on 2 Aug 1869 and 7 Aug 1871. In making it, McIntosh, a shrewd, unprincipled chief, represented the Creeks, and Colonel Brown, half-brother of Catharine the first Cherokee convert at the Missionary Station, the Cherokees, to fix their boundary. In the process he was imprisoned for a time and his home confiscated. This database contains family trees submitted to Ancestry by users who have indicated that their tree can only be viewed by Ancestry members to whom they have granted permission to see their tree. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Ross-chief-of-Cherokee-Nation, PBS LearningMedia - John Ross, A Georgia Biography | Georgia Stories, Oklahoma Historical Society - Biography of John Ross, John Ross - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), John Ross - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). University of Georgia Press, 2004. ROSS, JOHN (1790-1866). Ross finished his education at an academy in South West Point, Tennessee. Omissions? On April 15, 1824, Ross took the dramatic step of directly petitioning Congress. My email is [emailprotected] if you would like to communicate. This project is for those who want to, once and for all, put to bed the family lore that you are related to the family from Ross Castle in Kerry Ireland; the original Ross clan chieftain Fearchar Mac-an-T-Saigart of Balnagowan Castle, Scotland; the Antarctic explorers Sir James Clark Ross and Sir John Ross; John Ross, husband of US flag maker, Son of John Guwisguwi Ross, Chief of the Cherokee Nation and Quatie Elizabeth Ross Father of Lucinda Hicks; Susan Hicks Daniel; Rufus O. Ross; Robert Bruce Ross, Sr.; Louisa Ross and 6 others; Elizabeth Vann; Victoria Ross; William Wallace Ross; Annie Brown Ross; Tiana Downing and Emily Daniel less Ross made replies in opposition to the governors construction. He was chosen chief of the new government, an office he held for the remainder of his life. He married abt 1835 in CNE, Jennie Fields (buried at this cem. Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.