This brief guide is designed to help students and researchers find and evaluate primary sources available online. (5) Horace, Epode (c. 35 BC) Tip: If you are unsure if a source you have found is primary, talk to your instructor, librarian, or archivist. Sulla (P. Cornelius Sulla) - Roman praetor, 212 B.C. At the meeting, he took the seat between the Parthian ambassador, Orobazus, and Ariobarzanes, seeking to gain psychological advantage over the Partian envoy by portraying the Parthians and the Cappadocians as equals with Rome as superior. Sulla then settled affairs "reparations, rewards, administrative and financial arrangements for the future" in Asia, staying there until 84BC. senators and equites) executed, although as many as 9,000 people were estimated to have been killed. Turning south, he engaged the Pontic army allegedly 90,000[101] on the plain of Orchomenus. to A.D. 68 (1959; 2d ed. [75], Speaking to the men, Sulla complained to them of the outrageous behaviour of Marius and Sulpicius. During these marriages, he engaged in an affair with Nicopolis, who also was older than him. Primary sources are "first-hand" information, sources as close as possible to the origin of the information or idea under study. [117] Sulla attempted to open negotiations with Norbanus, who was at Capua, but Norbanus refused to treat and withdrew to Praeneste as Sulla advanced. Plutarch of Chaeronea in Boeotia (ca. Newspapers. Sulla's arrival in Brundisium induced defections from the Senate in Rome: Marcus Licinius Crassus, who had already fled from the Cinnan regime, raised an army in Spain, and departed for Africa to join with Metellus Pius (who also joined the Sullans), joined Sulla even before his landing in Italy. For list of offices and years, unless otherwise indicated, sfn error: no target: CITEREFKeaveney2006 (, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBadian2012 (, sfnm error: no target: CITEREFBadian2012 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFSeager1994 (, Gabba, E. "Rome and Italy: the social war". To make primary texts readily available for classroom use, they selected important . After Sulla had recovered the government by force of arms, everybody became robbers and plunderers. Almost breaking before Marius' makeshift forces, Sulla then stationed troops all over the city before summoning the Senate and inducing it to outlaw Marius, Marius' son, Sulpicius, and nine others. Primary Sources Sallust. [105] Sulla moved to intercept Flaccus' army in Thessaly, but turned around when Pontic forces reoccupied Boetia. vinifera, hereafter V. vinifera) shares a close relationship with humans ().With unmatched cultivar diversity, this food source (table and raisin grapes) and winemaking ingredient (wine grapes) became an emblem of cultural identity in major Eurasian civilizations (1-3), leading to intensive research in ampelography, archaeobotany, and historical . "[147] Plutarch claims he had seen Sulla's personal motto carved on his tomb on the Campus Martius. Sulla was closely associated with Venus,[9] adopting the title Epaphroditos meaning favored of Aphrodite/Venus.[10]. If Sulla hesitated it can only have been because he was not sure how his army would react. [67], Sulla's election to the consulship, successful likely due to his military success in 89BC, was not uncontested. A list of useful online sources for reading about Rome at the time of Sulla Bill Thayer's LacusCurtius - Includes maps of the Roman world, texts of several primary sources, and William Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities. [152], Sulla was red-blond[154] and blue-eyed, and had a dead-white face covered with red marks. You may copy and distribute the translations and commentaries in this resource, or parts of such translations and commentaries, in any medium . [58] At the start of the war, there were largely two theatres: a northern theatre from Picenum to the Fucine Lake and a southern theatre including Samnium. Primary sources are original . They are different from secondary sources, accounts that retell, analyze, or interpret events, usually at a distance of time or place." Library of Congress Teacher's Page. The populares nonetheless seized power once he left with his army to Asia. Fimbria then committed suicide after a failed attempt on Sulla's life. Finally, Sulla revoked the power of the tribunes to veto acts of the Senate, although he left intact the tribunes' power to protect individual Roman citizens. Marius and his son, along with some others, escaped to Africa. While Sulla was moving in the south, Scipio fought Pompey in Picenum but was defeated when his troops again deserted. [citation needed]. They are now largely lost, although fragments from them exist as quotations in later writers. Finding Primary Sources Primary Sources from DocsTeach Thousands of online primary source documents from the National Archives to bring the past to life as classroom teaching tools. Primary Sources are immediate, first-hand accounts of a topic, from people who had a direct connection with it. Sulla and the proscriptions Lucius Cornelius Sulla was consul in 88 BC (and again in 80 BC) and dictator from 82 to 79 BC. For example: scholarly or popular books and articles, reference books, biographies, or textbooks. [52] He may have stayed in the east until 92BC, when he returned to Rome. Moreover, the people knew that Sulla was friends with Bocchus, a rich foreign monarch, and rejected his standing for the praetorship to induce him to spend money on games. was a major figure in the late Roman Republic. Sulla immediately proscribed 80 persons without communicating with any magistrate. They are the most direct evidence of a time or event because they were created by people or things that were there at the time or event. Sulla almost certainly received a normal education for his class, grounded in ancient Greek and Latin classics. [43] Refusing to stand for an aedileship (which, due to its involvement in hosting public games, was extremely expensive), Sulla became a candidate for the praetorship in 99BC. Primary sources are most often produced around the time of the events you are studying. Lucius Cornelius Sulla (138-78 BCE) was a ruthless military commander, who first distinguished himself in the Numidian War under the command of Gaius Marius.His relationship with Marius soured during the conflicts that would follow and lead to a rivalry which would only end with Marius' death.Sulla eventually seized control of the Republic, named himself dictator, and after eliminating his . to the Birth of the Roman Empire (1969). Regardless, if he had immediate plans for a consulship, they were forced into the background at the outbreak of war. In an harangue to the people, he said, with reference to these measures, that he had proscribed all he could think of, and as to those who now escaped his memory, he would proscribe them at some future time. Primary research gives you direct access to the subject of your research. [21] Regardless, by the standards of the Roman political class, Sulla was a very poor man. Continuing towards Scipio's position at Teanum Sidicinum, Sulla negotiated and was almost able to convince Scipio to defect. Secondary sources include: Essays analyzing novels, works of art, and other original creations. [128], After the battle at the Colline Gate, Sulla summoned the Senate to the temple of Bellona at the Campus Martius. The two armies then crossed the Po and attacked the Cimbri. As a result, "husbands were butchered in the arms of their wives, sons in the arms of their mothers. Sulla, who opposed the Gracchian popularis reforms, was an optimate; though his coming to the side of the traditional Senate originally could be described as atavistic when dealing with the tribunate and legislative bodies, while more visionary when reforming the court system, governorships, and membership of the Senate. Secondary sources are interpretations of history. Beginning Research Activities Student activities designed to help . He had close connections to the imperial family and was the husband of Antonia, Claudius's daughter, and might thus have been seen as a threat to Nero. This distinction is important because it will affect how you understand these sources. [155] Plutarch notes that Sulla considered that "his golden head of hair gave him a singular appearance. Proscribing or outlawing every one of those whom he perceived to have acted against the best interests of the Republic while he was in the east, Sulla ordered some 1,500 nobles (i.e. Sulla's body was cremated and his ashes placed in his tomb in the Campus Martius. [92] In the summer of 88, he reorganised the administration of the area before unsuccessfully besieging Rhodes. The first of the, Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback, sfn error: no target: CITEREFBadian2012 (. Sulla had total control of the city and Republic of Rome, except for Hispania (which Marius' general Quintus Sertorius had established as an independent state). Normally, candidates had to have first served for ten years in the military, but by Sulla's time, this had been superseded by an age requirement. At the same time, the younger Marius sent word to assemble the Senate and purge it of suspected Sullan sympathisers: the urban praetor Lucius Junius Brutus Damasippus then had four prominent men killed at the ensuing meeting. Primary sources enable students to explore the documentary evidence of a nation's history - the roots of its government, value systems and role on the world stage. Taking Action: Benefits for students that extend beyond the classroom. [6] He also disbanded his legions and, through these gestures, attempted to show the re-establishment of normal consular government. Primary sources include historical and legal documents, eyewitness accounts, results of experiments, statistical data, pieces of creative writing, and art objects. He was a leader of the optimates, which sought to maintain senatorial supremacy against the populist reforms advocated by the populares, headed by Marius. In art, literature, and cultural studies, primary sources . Ariobarzanes had been driven out by Mithridates VI of Pontus, who wanted to install one of his own sons (Ariarathes) on the Cappadocian throne. [99], Discovering a weak point in the walls and popular discontent with the Athenian tyrant Aristion, Sulla stormed and captured Athens (except the Acropolis) on 1 March 86BC. [76][77] They then killed Marcus Gratidius, one of Marius' legates, when Gratidius attempted to effect the transfer of command. Social: Facebook Page YouTube Page Instagram Page. Primary sources are documents, images, relics, or other works that provide firsthand details of a historical or scientific event. [76] Without troops defending Rome itself, Sulla entered the city; once there, however, his men were pelted with stones from the rooftops by common people. Of the twelve outlaws, only Sulpicius was killed after being betrayed by a slave. Sulla then increased the number of magistrates elected in any given year, and required that all newly elected quaestores gain automatic membership in the Senate. As this caused a general murmur, he let one day pass, and then proscribed 220 more, and again on the third day as many. Killing Cluentius before the city's walls, Sulla then invested the town and for his efforts was awarded a grass crown, the highest Roman military honour. Sulla, undeterred, stood again for the praetorship the next year, promising he would pay for good shows; duly elected as praetor in 97BC, he was assigned by lot to the urban praetorship. The tools are designed to support 3 levels of critical thinking and inquiry skills (explore, analyse and critically analyse) for years 1 to 13. Resigning his dictatorship in 79 BC, Sulla retired to private life and died the following year. Sulla's law waived the sponsio, allowing such cases to be heard without it. Examples include journal articles, reviews . He hinted to them that Marius would find other men to fight Mithridates, forcing them to give up opportunities to plunder the East, claims which were "surely false". He then attacked the Samnites and routed one of their armies near Aesernia before capturing the new Italian capital at Bovianum Undecimanorum. [54] Various proposals to give the allies Roman citizenship over the decades had failed for various reasons, just as the allies also "became progressively more aware of the need to cease to be subjects and to share in the exercise of imperial power" by acquiring that citizenship.