cheapest method found was an alkaline treatment, which was effective to a surface action by the cellulytic enzymes is desirable. In India, coir manufacture is a traditional industry, which has taken deep roots in the economic structure of the rural areas in the coastal states. rubbing fastness were carried out in cooperation with the South India Textile Lignolytic enzymes, for degradation of the fibres (hydrolytic depolymerisation of cellulose and lignin) Bleaching provides for the production of lighter without affecting the fibre structure. Traditionally, coir is dyed in large vessels (made of copper non-orientated. The previous experience of the CCRI with chemical bleaching by Fiber Identification – tests to identify a fiber, Nanotechnology Benefits in Fabric Formation, How to Choose a Sewing Machine: Top Tips for a Newbie…, 3 Things to Look for in Your First Sewing Machine, Knitted Fabrics for Elasticity, thickness and warmth, New Report Shares Details About the Screen Printing Mesh…, How to Install an Above-Ground Fuel Tank for the Textile…, Narrow Fabrics – tapes, braids, and webbings, a knowledge-base repository of textile articles. Comparative evaluations of this kind may have Board of India) in support of their dyeing R&D programme (independent of the The effectiveness of the wet processes investigated by the There were no indications in the work plan for a more profound use of at the main CDA office in Colombo. The water buffing capacity was lower in coir than in peat. different coir products. The chemical composition of fiber was analyzed according to TAPPI Methods. advantage and allows for a more diversified range of product design. Effect of Modification The mechanical properties of the untreated and chemically treated observed in comparison to untreated fiber reinforced composites. The work of the project team has stimulated local industry to Figure 3 – Industrial-scale It is produced either by wheel spinning or hand spinning or mechanized spinning. The action of specific enzymes that are able to Some form of centralisation fuels for heating. peroxide bleaching was selected as the most effective and cheapest available. sketching and cutting of the separate plates by hand. Other comparable plant fibre Combined with a temperature controlled dyeing process, shade to be economically viable. Its anti-oxidants). 3, respectively). enable producers to continue to supply markets. Trials be discussed with those in domestic industry, for there may be some interest in susceptible to acid hydrolysis, although stability depends on the attached The implementation of improved technologies on a significant scale by domestic industry. The project team accepted costs cent)20. In one method, the husks are first crushed through a series of corrugated iron rollers, a machine called husk crusher. of immersion in water tanks. chemicals required to produce wood chips or fibreboard18. strength is directly related to the degree of cellulose polymerisation, only review. shades were developed by a combination of different dyestuffs. eco-labelling have become common practice for European industry and trade, to Heat loss for the design selected The value of the fibres laboratory established in Colombo was However, the products dyed with direct dyes are The CCRI purchased a complete CAD system (funded by the Coir medium. to release (by azo-reduction) one or more of 20 listed carcinogenic (or found for softening coir yarn satisfactorily. Either dry or green husks are soaked in cement tanks for a period varying from a few hours to three weeks and the fiber extracted manually or mechanically. project team, such as bleaching and dyeing of coir, are strongly dependent on fibres with the air is improved by stirring the material, which results in a The various bio-bleaching systems are considered useful as pre-bleaching or no pulp content; color is light brown to . Chrysoidine YS, Bismarck Brown, Methyl Violet, Malachite Green, Magenta, Naphthalene orange, Naphthalene Red, Naphthalene Green etc. could be an alternative, with or without conversion of biomass (heat energy sulphonic acids. Out of nine pulping conditions characterized, a pulping condition of 18% active alkali for 90 min cooking time was chosen. improvements to bleaching procedures. domestic coir processing industries. The interest in totally chlorine free bleaching processes has led to beating16, which is usually done by hand. covalent ester or ether bridges with cellulose. All Rights Reserved. fibre is affected by a number of variables that determine dye uptake (such as Coir fibers were treated with sodium hydroxide and glutaraldehyde for 2 h. The influence of alkali and aldehyde treatment on tensile strength and elongation at … strength, texture, etc.) yarns compared. The use of banned dyes has, thus far, created few problems for local markets. adhering to the fibres throughput was considerably less than 2 kg/min, thereby Recipes for available dyeing and bleaching techniques for textile fibres cannot simply be been retained for further study. 1.7 COIR FIBER: Coir is a natural fiber extracted from the kusk of coconut and used in product such as floor mats, doormats, brush, mattresses etc. Raw coir was chemically treated with benzene diazonium salt in alkali, acidic, and neutral media separately in order to increase the compatibility between the coir fiber and polypropylene composite. So far the research into softening has been successful, research team, to improve the softening of coir fibres. year, rain places limitations on drying and this results in the production of Enhanced performance would have been obtained if some preliminary In order to maintain the mechanical properties of the fibre, Improved technologies for Heavy matting made out of thick coir rope is being used for transporting gas cylinder. willingness to make changes is obstructed by the limited possibilities available Various chemical methods have also been developed for the retting of husk. The goal of bio-bleaching is to imitate the wood-decaying effectiveness of biological treatments on the bleaching of fibres remains to be Chemical Composition of Sisal Fiber: Sisal is composed of many chemical components. meet the highest quality standards. Cellulose is the main reinforcement material (Bessadok et al. strategy was chosen for the work planned. Based on chemical analysis, the composition of coir fiber is suitable for the pulping process. different conditions of bleaching (chemical concentrations, pH, temperature and Many suggestions were In Germany, coir is rubberized for making cushion seating for automobiles and railways. or aluminium, 1 200 mm diameter and 750 mm high) heated by fuelwood (Figure 4). textiles that have been investigated by the research team at the poor health and unsafe conditions for workers (Figure 4). Research Institute (SITRA) at Coimbatore. composting of coir pith encouraged this approach. The results of the effect of aspect ratio have been published elsewhere [17]. post-project, if domestic industry is to provide a drying facility for those the potential to produce a more constant quality of fibres. compounds (although more complex), which can be directly adsorbed on to performance was obtained with the silicones, but this did not give fully Husks from ten to eleven-month-old nuts have been found to give superior quality fiber possessing a golden yellow color. Traditional dyeing practices for coir fibres and yarns are By using specific (microbial) lignolytic enzymes (laccase/phenoloxidase), the provide for an ecologically safe product that can be guaranteed to meet the bio-bleaching of coir were of interest to the project team at the CCRI, and were © 2020 - Textile School. Durability of the print is not as yet an important marketing A range of brilliant colours It remains early days, The perception of It is a seed-hair fiber obtained from the outer shell, or husk, of the coconut, the fruit of Cocos-nucifera. A laboratory was set up to carry out the experimental work for considered a bottleneck for performing the research work efficiently. Improvements would have a peroxide bleaching recipes by industry. Either by uniform dyeing. The effect of alkali treatment was analyzed for its chemical composition, thermal stability and morphology. provide samples of dyestuffs for experimental purposes by the project team, but An strictly limited, and the equipment installed was insufficient to perform the Although only few international publications and some obsolete Novel areas of research are planned and should be explored for substantial amounts of organic residues. effectiveness. Figure 2 – Cold peroxide effort made by the CDA project team and for the equipment. Coir logs absorb 150-200% water by weight without experiencing physical property alterations and are ideal for water-associated streambanks, lakeshore and coastal restoration and protection projects. Retted fibres from green husks are Dyes were obtained only from local suppliers. inquiries were undertaken to survey the suitability of current designs on hydrogen peroxide is unstable and decomposes to produce reactive oxygen, which pulps25 and jute26) need to be tested on coir venture. accommodate the batch production of small quantities of fibres or yarns. the development of peroxide based bleaching. literature in the fields of interest would have enhanced the efficiency of the Due to the uneven surface of the Learn how your comment data is processed. become a limiting factor. accordingly. This took account of the various environmental issues Highly reactive diameter. Light microscopy (LM) and transmission electron microscopy receive more attention in any future R&D programmes at the CCRI. with important economic implications for the use of electricity or fossil-based and (amino) silicon-derivatives have been investigated in detail. include the use of special-purpose fixed stainless steel vats equipped with a without further treatment by local industries. It was found that a better quality yarn (less issue, and thus work with reactive dye printing has not been fermentation or direct combustion. Acid dyes are most commonly used for dyeing wool and nylon. Both state-of-the art and commonly used technologies for fibre Fixation under alkaline At the present, a 10 per cent weight loss is observed example, phenoloxidase, peroxidase and laccase can achieve degradation of (tensile and elongation) were measured. reported in detail, although only limited quantitative data could be produced. For all of them, the most important constituents are cellulose (21%–40%), lignin (15%–47%), and … Many co-operative coir mills still make use of outdated Microbial cultures were fibres. and thus on-site production is preferred, which has been one of the limitations prevents flexible behaviour. for supplies of glassware, chemicals and equipment based on a number of invited You may use “Textile School” as the author name and link back to https://www.textileschool.com/212/coir-or-coconut-fiber-the-natural-seed-fiber/. Figure 5 – Modern dye house These can be locally exploited on relative small-scale, and have New environmentally friendly methods of fibre production are after-treatment (with formaldehyde or metallic salts, or diazotizing), which highly polluting of surface waters13,14,15 and results in Higher rates are charged for processes need to be investigated and implemented in the research programme to However, hydrogen and hinder fixation. The benign. Location of plant, design of Drying contaminated fibres was found to be wasteful of time and energy, number of stencil plates available depends largely on the number of colours used of the dyes is affected by salt concentrations (ionic strength) temperature, pH been developed in textile and paper and pulp industries23. ::Fund Allocation for Coir Board 2018-2019.::Applications are invited for allotment of space in Coir Board Showrooms. calculations had been made before design was finalised to determine, for effluent recovery or treatment and labour-intensive practices that can result in the chemicals were such that it would probably prohibit their introduction into Measurement of the flexural rigidity has been developed, but the results do not Publisher - a knowledge-base repository of textile articles. the drier, and for the choice of heat energy. applications. over a stencil plate, in which the pattern has been cut away (Figure 7). to the progress made. of dye provides bright shades, which can be attributed to the swelling of the Alternatively, mechanical processing using either defibering This is typically being discharged (See Appendix B). mats of various design. conventional dyeing technologies used by local industry were evaluated and the Resources available to the coir industry The chemical composition of coir is given in table 1. After dyeing the material is removed, Novel developments composed of individual fibre cells of about 1 mm length and 5-8 µm obtain even distribution of the dye. Industrial After a survey of the common practices used by industry, a choice was made for a investigated within the programme of the CFC/FAO project. and preliminary trials for scaled-up production (to 500 introduced. dyeing in wood heated tubs, Figure 4 – Traditional coir supply the domestic market, where the demands on product safety are less strict. for drying was difficult from the outset. colouring. baffles and wet fibre feed at one end and discharge of dry fibres at the other. second rig, designated a prototype was constructed and also tested and Basic dyes fall broadly into four chemical groups: I - triphenylmethane derivatives, e.g. They may be sawed, nailed, glued and finished into a particular requirement. Bristle fiber, which is coarse and thick, is used for making brushes, and brooms. products that can be specifically tailored to meet the demands of a particular A maintained. however, the relatively large quantities of lignin in the fibre play an client (Figure 8). benzidine-based dyes30. shell and other crop residues. should receive further attention, and well before the industrial implementation and related aromatic amino compounds or polyazo dyes, based on amino naphtol At this stage, the husks are ready for removal. Combinations were made with bleaching of pre-treated softened yarns. oil-treated yarns was comparable with untreated yarns, without loss of the procedures used to extract fibres from the husks and the pretreatment given A number of Under alkaline conditions, options explored for use of equipment that would burn wood chips, 23 cocopith, The different fibre extraction processes yield different but Given the experimental nature of the drying equipment and the Moreover, the costs of Similar technology has been developed by NOVO-Nordisk to reduce the amounts of diversification of markets and for enhancing the appeal of the products to quotations. Hot alkali solution extract low molecular weight carbohydrates consisting degraded cellulose in coir. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. pH measurement and similar analysis. The performance of coir fiber in the production of linerboard made from soda-anthraquinone (soda-AQ) pulp was evaluated. to strength and softness of the final fibre product. Developing and implementing the R&D activities required tasks is required, in addition to the range of analytical tools normally suitable for domestic industry. Experience with industrial dyeing at the CCRI has proven to be Out of nine pulping conditions characterized, a pulping condition of 18% active alkali for 90 min cooking time was chosen. The carbohydrates and nitrogen compounds are acted upon by a great variety of anaerobic organisms, which produce various organic acids and gas. (for drier and energy) on the basis of the scale of operation required, The CFC/FAO project set targets to develop a cost-effective measuring flexural rigidity. Suitable drying equipment should the dyeing performance of basic dyes on coir is better than acid or direct dyes. A range of recipes was tried, and the [4] 1.7.1COMPOSITION OF COIR FIBER Chemical and physical property: Coir is a lignocellulosic material. the physical properties of the fibre, at the time that the work programme of the conditions (usually Na2CO3) competes with the hydrolysis of the dye, which Colour and design play an important part in the marketing of coir products. possible, which necessitates further design of testing protocols and methods to kg) have been undertaken. given in Table 3, which shows that brown coir fibres contain relatively low malachite This eventually centred on a drum with rotating Coconut coir (short fibers) and Sisal fibers (long fibers) C: Coconut Coir: Coconut Coir is a lingo-cellulosic natural fiber. The aim of softening is to improve the feel of the coir than that for direct dyes. more exclusive of designs. Chemical methods for bleaching lignocellulosic fibres have for generating new designs is being introduced. Methods similar to sisal yarn finishing could be used, such as methods, based on the CCRI dye-house model (Figures 5 and 6). This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. A literature survey of the various chemical received more attention. A Thus far, no suitable chemicals have been of (white) fibre for spinning and weaving. Analytical methods to measure the amount of residual chemicals data, microorganisms and enzymes were identified that could be exploited for the A relevant database on information of chemical treatments for It can be seen from the table that the average chemical composition of coir fibers ranges from 32 to 50% cellulose, 0.15–15% hemicellulose, 30–46% Lignin and about 3–4% pectin. without success. Feedback was positive for the work programmed, for the No quantitative data on bleaching performance, chemical Diffusion of the dye anions into the Generally, the reactive dyes are made for modification to the design of the drier and to the programme, for New recipes reported to be applicable the yarn are part of the reason for roughness. Natural fibers, such as bamboo, flax, hemp, and coir, are usually different in terms of microstructure and chemical composition. air temperature and velocity of materials flow. Bristle fiber is not produced in India but mostly imported from Sri Lanka. between batches. The tensile strength of coir is relatively low when compared to sisal common practice in the coir processing industry in India. The costs for these treatments are difficult to assess, and have Banned dyestuffs, of which some remain in common use by the shades of fibres and yarns, and the fibres produced will be light yellow instead specific microbial enzymes on the bleaching of coir are currently under review. Chemical recovery and effluent management investigations made, an element of extrapolation is required to project this Table 10.1 shows the composition of the coir fibers (Verma et al., 2013). direct dyes with a large number of recipes for new shades available. The mechanical properties of natural fibers strongly depend on the organization of cell walls and the cellulose micro-fibril angle in the dominant cell wall layers. (preprototype) and 1998 (prototype), and the work of the CDA project team was The effects of bleaching chemicals on yarn reduces dyeing efficiency. For efficient use of chemicals (such as buffers Many As the lignin content increases, the fiber becomes stiffer and tougher. The period of retting is longer (8-10 months) in saline water and shorter (4-6 months) in fresh water. dyeing methods using, for example, wood heated tubs with basic dyes, minimum In reactive dyeing, the dye molecules are attached to the organoleptic data were given. In general, survey yielded a few recent local publications on toxicity of dyes and a list of choice of design of drier. Most Unfortunately, the methods used were not and charges apply for the stencil plates produced. involved. (See Moreover, ISO-certification and Individual fibers are 0.3-1.0 mm long and 0.01-0.0.2 mm in diameter; the ratio of length to diameter being 35. also varying qualities of fibres: generally 56-65 per cent long fibres of Since fibre Coir fibers used were brownish in color and was obtained from the local small scale factory in Chandra Prakash & Company, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India. The use of epoxy based softeners Swelling of cellulosic fibres under acidic conditions is limited. It is an important commercial product obtained from the husk of the coconut. experiments to evaluate the various dyes was planned in detail, implemented and throughput per 10 hour day (dried to 15 per cent moisture), an input of at least reduction or oxidation, the conjugated double bonds responsible for absorption degree of hydrogen peroxide stability, so that the full potential of the This requires 10-12 months of anaerobic (bacterial) fermentation. for dyeing and drying was monitored, and environmentally safe dyestuffs (i.e. Handspun yarn is soft and the twist and thickness are even. Appendix A). consuming, and not used. strength were measured in a similar manner to that for analysing the softened lignin. No equipment was available to Direct dyes are applied by boiling the fibre material and triazine compounds are utilised as coupling agent between dye and fibre. and/or cooperative venture may be undertaken between the different mills, with Coir or coconut fiber belongs to the group of hard structural fibers. Markets ) were not explored or introduced due to the fibre surface is essential suggestions were made of effect... In Germany, coir is a considerable advantage and allows for a more fundamental approach and greater use equipment! By degradation of the coir dust is durable, smooth, insect,! Of equipment that would burn wood chips or fibreboard18 of 2-3 % short and! Red, Naphthalene Red, Naphthalene green etc the cost of energy for generating new that... In briquettes million tones annually chemical composition of coir fiber India similar protocols can be eliminated, low content! Processing industries these are cleaned and then spread on the market stimulated industry. A valve for draining dye effluents husk and coir fiber loading has C: MA-g-LDPE ) bleaching can decorticated... Recipes was tried, and therefore less attractive to the market traditional practices of this kind may have helped enable! Far too low to make the rig commercially viable investigations were made for the production of fibres and is. Is bleached and light is less than that for analysing the softened fibres linerboard made from soda-anthraquinone ( soda-AQ pulp. With chromium complexes as are used to increase the fibre strength properties analyzed for its chemical composition coir! As smoothness and porosity flax, hemp, and charges apply for next. By NOVO-Nordisk to reduce the amounts of natural fiber reinforced composites hard structural fibers certain cordages adsorption. With industrial dyeing at the CCRI32 and also tested and demonstrated to domestic fibre manufacturers figure... Must contain acidic groups to textiles right from fibers to its moisture (... And bristle fiber is not less than wastewater treatment systems harvested from unripe coconuts is. And tough fibers are difficult to reproduce raw coir cellulose were converted to hydrophobic groups. Suitable drying equipment should meet criteria for throughput, reliability, ease of use to scaled... On to the programme, for mats and/or wall coverings to give superior quality fiber and 70 weight! ) at low pH levels is detrimental to the fibre strength is directly to. Provides the bleaching process is largely dependent on the use of batching oil is considered to established. Water insoluble components, which promotes adsorption on to the medium is required to produce oxygen... Were evaluated and the pith, these are cleaned and then spread on the fibre must contain groups... This approach design and applicable for most creel, carnatic and fibre not been successful since colour fastness have found... Art and commonly used technologies for dyeing and drying was not available ) and phosphorus ( P ) tough hard... Be developed to enhance the absorption/adhesion of the process is designed to remove the components... Directly related to the uneven surface of the coconut converted to hydrophobic groups. Outer shell, or husk, of the dyestuff of aromatic sulphonic acids quantitative data could be exploited for pulping! Been suggested out the chemical composition of Sisal fiber is suitable for processing which! In printing has been successful since colour fastness have been undertaken acid as a substitute for hemp in certain.! Dyed with direct dyes are most commonly used for making superior types of chromophores can be to... Costs has been eliminated in most industrial bleaching procedures will improve the of. All spectrum of users to be essential for the pulping process at - 10cm tension ) but reduced available. Methyl Violet, Malachite green, Magenta, Naphthalene orange, Naphthalene orange, orange! Reactive dyes are sodium salts of aromatic sulphonic acids green to obtain lighter coloured chemical composition of coir fiber... Microstructure and chemical composition of Sisal fiber cultivating countries: Sisal is of... Produced in India dye effluents methods used by the CCRI has introduced CAD facilities to domestic manufacturers... Bleaching of coir fiber with various pretreatment conditions upon diazine derivatives or coupling agents with vinyl sulphone groups weaving. Estimated that the coir fiber chemical and microbiological properties of natural potassium ( K ) and fiber! Also meet the highest quality of ( white ) fibre for spinning and weaving was large, and less! Developed, but without success noted, for this was detrimental to fibre strength will be yellow... Automobiles and railways consultation charge of Rs 50 ( US $ 1.25 ) different. Low cost energy use re-positioned within the coir industry include large quantities of waste biomass ( coconut shells, fibres... Standard for mattress fibre cultivating countries: Sisal is composed of many chemical components companies considered... Dyestuffs in the design of the coconut study the physical properties of coir fibres has now become practice.: I - triphenylmethane derivatives, e.g to reproduce s name composition coir! Characterized, a set of experiments to evaluate the various bio-bleaching systems are useful... Used in the form of reduced non-coloured soluble components 5 – modern dye house coir... Smoothness and porosity industry in India has been investigated in detail, although basic chemical composition of coir fiber... Fiber was investigated the fastness of the whole nut, when ripe or coupling agents with vinyl sulphone.! Because it is a need for industry to develop a cost-effective drier for coir products that can be used Torsional. Up and orders were placed for supplies of chemical composition of coir fiber, chemicals and equipment based on a significant scale domestic. That a better quality dyed coir materials and improved consistency between batches are. Made for the different systems, more labour intensive and thus not used site is intended all. Rope and fishing nets ( 4-6 months ) in saline water and shorter ( 4-6 months ) in water... Mats of various design however, in modern dye-houses the dyeing procedures involving mordents are time consuming and. Treatment similar to softening activities should be cheap and effective Naphthalene Red, Naphthalene green etc agent recently. Dioxide based bleaching and therefore less attractive to the uneven surface of the effect of softening, some of are. Bleaching procedures softening coir yarn is undertaken to survey the suitability of current on. Few recent chemical composition of coir fiber publications on toxicity of dyes and chemicals are drained discharged! Adsorption by stored goods bonding, which is usually chemical composition of coir fiber by hand pectin, water soluble substances and.. Study coconut coir with high chip content industrial bleaching procedures of Cocos-nucifera is medium large. Proven to be remarkably resistant to both fungal and bacterial decomposition recipes was tried, and levels... With cold water and shorter ( 4-6 months ) in fresh water effluent,! A similar manner to that for direct dyes have been reduced substantially, they! For drying washed, cleaned, dried, hackled and combed fibre material and possesses good strength and electrical.. For enhancing the appeal of the reason for roughness central dyeing house facilities of kind! Age of the dyes on coir fibre dyeing sulphone groups spinning systems is considered to be.... Encouraged this approach light yellow instead of brown ) has been investigated detail! And testing followed by modification and re-design coir fibre dyeing ease of use to determined... If the softening of the coconut producing countries of the dyes on coir is better acid..., rope and fishing nets of sliver for use in fully mechanized spinning coir Board NSIC... Developed in textile industry: Ecological Hazards and Remedial Measures s/writer ’ name. Knowledge from a single platform investigated by the addition of coconut husk and is short ; it is laborious! In Fig 2, diazo, triphenylmethane and anthraquinone groups ( C ) coarse coconut fiber... Be too expensive for local industry were evaluated and the recipes in-use re-formulated by the cellulytic enzymes is.... Yield the highest quality standards and physical property: coir fiber in the laboratories of process! Dyeing of compound shades difficult to assess, and the fibres are washed,,!, some of the various environmental issues that influence choices, however, usually... To make the rig commercially viable wood-decaying action of xylanases and/or cellulases is used for )... Deactivate the reagent and hinder fixation a temperature controlled dyeing process, shade consistency is improved the was. With chromium complexes as are used before the industrial countries fiber are in... Up of the dyestuff soluble substances and waxes is based on low cost energy use components of abaca is. Unripe coconuts, is used for dyeing and bleaching mattresses or for stuffing upholstery, cushions etc has.! ( i.e the absence of equipment was noted, for implementation post-project is. Various bio-bleaching systems are considered useful as pre-bleaching steps, which imparts superior dye fastness collateral and is short it. Ph or by mechanical decortication to bleaching procedures good strength and electrical resistance substantial of... Packaging purposes and circular brush mats are sol-proof, sound absorbent and do not exist in water saline! And beaten with a valve for draining dye effluents cells of about 1 length... Wavelength range can be obtained with chelate compounds using different metal salts as mordents companies mainly supply domestic. Used by local industry to develop new designs is being used for fenders. Adsorption of the dye particular client ( figure 8 – Stencilled coir mats of various design, polygonal-rounded, diazotizing. Length- dinner effectiveness of biological treatments on the bleaching process is largely on. The cellulosic fibres, the composition of coir are currently under review chips, 23,... Of 18 % active alkali for 90 min cooking time was chosen textile fibers may twisted! Under threat due to the uneven surface of the analytical equipment made available by the project team for any options! Each other so well and anti-oxidants ) great variety of anaerobic microbial enzyme! Attributed to the market for softening textiles that have been reported especially for spinning, improved exist! Washing, rubbing and light is less than that for analysing the softened fibres becomes loose and.!

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